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🧩 Theory of A3 Problem Solving

This article explains the methodological foundations of A3 problem solving in the Lean context – from structured problem definition to sustainable implementation of actions. The A3 method supports systematic thinking and promotes cross-team learning in problem solving.

🔍 Content
  • How it works
  • Tips & Best Practices
  • FAQ

🛠️ How it works
The A3 method is based on a structured problem-solving process within the PDCA cycle. It is typically documented on an A3-sized sheet and includes the following elements:

Background
📌 Goal: Why is this topic relevant?
✍️ Example: “Increase in customer complaints in Q2”

Analyze the current state
📊 Describe the current situation based on data.

Define the target state
🎯 What should be achieved? State concrete, measurable target values.

Gap analysis
🔍 Identify the gap between the current and target state.

Root cause analysis (e.g., 5 Whys, Ishikawa)
🧠 Visualize cause-effect relationships.

Derive actions
✅ Develop actions to address the root causes.

Create an implementation plan
📋 Who does what by when?

Review & closure
🔄 Check whether the goal was achieved → “Check & Act.”

ℹ️ Info

  • The A3 process is iterative – new insights may require going back and making adjustments.

  • The focus is not only on solving the problem but also on learning and developing a systematic way of thinking.

  • Ideal for more complex problems where the causes are not immediately clear.

✨ Tips & Best Practices

  • 🧭 A clear problem definition is critical for success.

  • 👥 Always work on A3s as a team, never alone.

  • 🖼️ Think visually: use sketches, diagrams, and screenshots.

  • 🧑‍🏫 Leaders guide the thinking process but do not provide the solution.

❓ FAQ

When should I use A3 versus an immediate countermeasure?
→ Use A3 when the cause is unknown – use an immediate countermeasure when the cause-effect relationship is clear.